Alishar Hüyük was occupied from the Chalcolithic Period, through the Bronze Age and the Hittites, and into Phrygian times. In the 12th century BC, the mound was the site of a Phrygian fortress,
See:
- W. M. Krogman, H. H. Von der Osten,The Alishar Hüyük Seasons of 1930-1932, Part III ... Researches in Anatolia IX - https://oi.uchicago.edu/sites/oi.uchicago.edu/files/uploads/shared/docs/oip30.pdf
- Ronald L. Gorny, Hittite Imperialism and Anti-Imperial Resistance As Viewed from Alișar Höyük - Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research No. 299/300, The Archaeology of Empire in Ancient Anatolia (Aug. - Nov., 1995), pp. 65-89-http://www.jstor.org/stable/1357346?seq=4
- Ankuwa, in: Bryce T., The Routledge Handbook of the Peoples and Places of Ancient Western Asia, Routledge 2013, p. 45-46.
- Maciej Popko: Zippalanda and Ankuwa once more. Journal of the American Oriental Society 120/3, 2000, p. 445-448.
- Ankuwa in: Gojko Barjamovic, A Historical Geography of Anatolia in the Old Assyrian Colony Period, Museum Tusculanum Press, 2011, p.312nn
- Baptiste Vergnaud, A Phrygian Identity in Fortifications?, in: Soma 2012, Identity and Connectivity Proceedings of the 16th Symposium on Mediterranean Archaeology, Florence, Italy, 1–3 March 2012, BAR international series, 2581., Oxford, Archaeopress, 2013, p. 233-241
- Hans Henning von der Osten, The Alishar Hüyük Seasons of 1930-1932 , Part III, The University of Chicago Press, 1937