Umm el Marra in the Jabbul plain east of Aleppo was a wealthy city during the Bronze Age, founded ca. 2800 BC The identification of Umm el-Marra with Tuba has not yet been proven. Site occupation continued in the Middle and Late Bronze periods. Originally (during the EBA ca. 2800-2200 BC) the site was surrounded by an earth enclosure wall.
See:
- http://sites.krieger.jhu.edu/ummelmarra/
- Roland Tefnin, The Belgian archaeological mission in the East: Syria: Tell Abu Dann | Umm el Marra, Newsletter Archéologie Orientale Valbonne, 1980, vol. 2, pp. 8-11
- idem: Exploration archéologique du tell Oumm el-Marra (Syrie du Nord): Campagne 1982, Syria 1983, T. 60, Fasc. 3/4, pp. 276-278
- Hans Curvers, and Glenn Schwartz, Umm el Marra, a Bronze Age Urban Center in the Jabul plain, Western Syria , 1997, AJA 101, p. 201-239.
- Maurits Van Loon, “The Beginning of the Middle Bronze Age in Syria.” Ägypten Und Levante / Egypt and the Levant, vol. 3, 1992, pp. 103–107. JSTOR, JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/23783694.
- https://whitelevy.fas.harvard.edu/tell-umm-el-marra-syria-early-bronze-age-results-final-excavation-report
- Glenn Schwartz, Youssef Kanjo, Umm el-Marra (Aleppo). from A History of Syria in One Hundred Sites. 2016